Document Details
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Document Type |
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Thesis |
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Document Title |
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THE EFFECT OF DISPOSAL SEWAGE WATER ON THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTS ALONG WADI FATIMAH, BAHRA REGION آثار التخلص من مياه الصرف الصحي على البيئة المحيطة بمحاذاة وادي فاطمة، منطقة بحرة |
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Subject |
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Faculty of Earth Sciences - Geology Engineering |
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Document Language |
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Arabic |
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Abstract |
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Wadi Fatimah is one of the main tributaries in Hadda - Bahra regions. The study area is located between Latitudes 21° 21' and 21° 29' and Longitudes 39° 45' and 39° 47' in about 18 km along the wadi. The wadi is located near Hadda town and trends in NE-SW direction, extends with downstream towards Southwest of Bahra and drains into the Red Sea.
The main purpose of this research is evaluating the environmental impacts resulting from sewage water discharge in wadi Fatimah along the downstream of drainage channel starting from Hadda district until discharge of the channel on the southwest of Bahra focusing of the impact on soil, treated sewage water channel the surrounding wells.
The studied area includes several scientific studies, such as the geological, engineering geology of the soil, chemical and biological at the basin of Wadi Fatimah. Also the evaluation of the performance and efficiency of the waste water treatment plant in the studied area. The field study included collecting water samples from drainage channel and the surrounding wells, samples for polluted soils from the channel water and non-polluted soils from areas near the channel also were collected. Maps were prepared to show the drainage network.
The engineering geological study of the soil approved that the physical properties (water content, particle size, color and odor) to determine the proportion of soil contamination in the Wadi Fatimah.
The Chemical studies approved that the soil and water are given in (WHO,1989) of chemical parameters of electrical conductivity, pH value, total dissolved solids, and total hardness. The concentrations of major elements such as, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium. In addition to chemical pollutants such as nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, ammonia, chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate, which determine the concentrations of chemical pollution, as well as trace elements toxic and heavy, such as zinc, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, barium, lead, cadmium, arsenic, fluoride and mercury, which determine the concentration of toxic elements on the overall health of humans, animals and plants to excess the amount of toxic elements and pollutants came from sewage sources. The concentration contour maps had been developed for the results of chemical studies. Recommendations were prepared to reduce the risk of sewage on the quality of groundwater in the Wadi Fatimah.
The microbiological studies approved that the water are given in (AWWA, 1995) of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total bacteria count, total coliform, E.coli, Fungi and most probable number (MPN) and it can be considered one of the objectives of this study for its content of biological waste from the domestic, industrial, microbes, viruses and bacteria from human waste that increase significantly during Umra and Hajj.
The physical analysis of soil indicates that the soil of Wadi Fatimah around the channel consisting primarily of sand and silt with little gravel and do not contain clay of a yellowish-brown color, have natural smell, while the polluted soil samples of the stream from the drainage channel, consists of sand, silt with little gravel, and clay of dark brown color of offensive smell due to pollution with the sewage water.
The comparison of grain size distribution in the non-polluted soil of the wadi and the polluted soil of the stream indicate that the proportion of gravel, silt and clay are almost equal, while the proportion of sand in the wadi soil is higher than in the polluted soil samples of the stream, while the percentage of gravel, silt and clay for the polluted soil samples of the stream is higher than the non-polluted soil samples of the wadi, while the comparison of physical properties such as specific gravity, coefficient of concavity and coefficient of uniformity are almost equal. Water content shows an increase in the polluted soil of the stream by 4 times more than the non-polluted soil of the wadi.
In the non-polluted soil of the wadi, sand is prevailing in the soil at the up and mid-stream, making it highly porous and well-ventilated, while the silt prevails at the bottom of the basin, making its soil of low pores and of low ventilation, also the non-polluted soil of the wadi is characterized by its shallow depth at the upstream, while it is medium to deep at the flood plain area. The polluted soil of the stream is characterized by the mud that is gathered in the drainage channel, originally consisting of organic remnants materials.
The chemical analysis of soil indicates that the increase of chemical elements and pollutant are came from sewage channel. The major elements of the non-polluted soil of the wadi such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and total hardness contain lower levels of concentrations than the polluted soil of the stream except sodium and total dissolved solids.
The chemical pollutants of the non-polluted soil of the wadi such as nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and bicarbonate contain lower levels of concentrations chemical pollutants than the polluted soil of the stream except ammonia and chloride.
The toxic and dangerous heavy elements of the non-polluted soil of the wadi such as manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic contain lower levels of concentrations than the polluted soil samples of the stream except zinc, lead, barium, fluoride and mercury which lead to contamination of groundwater and surface water during rainy seasons, as well as contamination of plants and crops in the study area.
The chemical analysis of water indicates that the increase of chemical elements and pollutant from the drainage channel. The major elements of treated sewage water channel such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids and total hardness contain lower levels of concentrations major elements than the groundwater.
The chemical pollutants of treated sewage water channel such as nitrate, sulfate, ammonia, carbonate and chloride contain lower levels of concentrations than the groundwater except phosphate and bicarbonate.
The heavy and toxic elements of treated sewage water channel such as zinc, copper, nickel, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, fluoride and mercury contain lower levels of concentrations than the groundwater except manganese and barium which may probably derived from the contamination of plants and crops in the study area as a result of absorbing the toxic elements from the irrigation water and thus affect the health of humans and animals that consume it.
The microbiological analysis of water indicates that the values of BOD and the COD in the treated sewage water channel are lower than the surrounding well waters. The values of total count bacteria in the treated sewage water channel are slightly higher than the surrounding wells water. The values of total coliform of treated sewage water channel are higher than the surrounding well waters. The values of E.coli are nil and the values of Fungi of treated sewage water channel are lower than the surrounding well waters.
The most probable number of water show the contamination of fecal material in the drainage channel. The positive results of the fecal coliforms contamination in the water samples may cause illness in the treated sewage water channel and the surrounding well waters at Wadi Fatimah and the reason of the effect is relate to the increase of temperature, which generates interaction of vital bacterial, while the negative results show no signs of the fecal coliforms contamination in the water samples probably due to the presence of plant cover.
The chemical and microbiological analysis of the drainage channel at Wadi Fatimah exceeds allowed standards values of the local and international specifications for drinking and irrigation water suggested by SASO (1991), WHO (1993) and EPA (2012) for drinking water and FAO (1985), MAW (1988) and MEPA (1989) for irrigation water.
The treated sewage water channel and the surrounding wells of the drainage channel at Wadi Fatimah basin are considered biologically polluted as they contain a quantity of biochemical oxygen demand that exceeds the allowable limit of the local and international specifications. It has been found that the water in sewage channel that is flowing from the treatment plant at Hadda is biologically polluted when their results were compared with the allowable values of local Saudi and International specifications for irrigation and drinking water. Medically it has been found that the presence of an excess values leads to health problem.
The elements concentration contour maps of the sewage drainage channel indicate the spots of the channel where allowed values exceed. Animal lives are in danger as they are being and drunk from the contaminated sources. Crops which grow using the contaminated water are causing health problem in the area. The establishment of sewage treatment plant in Hadda is becoming more institution due to increase in the volume of waste water which is beyond its capacity to treated.
The environmental effects of using the treated sewage water channel in irrigation at Wadi Fatimah are recognized from the quality and the appearance of the plants and the grasses. The efficiency of the present treated sewage water channel treatment plant should be improved by increasing their capacities and adding a third treatment cycle in order to benefit from this water as much as possible. The treated sewage water channel should be prevented from discharge into the Wadi Fatimah in order to stop the drainage of water toward the coastline of the Red Sea to prevent the possible contamination of both the land and the marine environments. |
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Supervisor |
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Prof. Dr. Abbas Al-Harthi |
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Thesis Type |
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Master Thesis |
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Publishing Year |
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1436 AH
2015 AD |
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Added Date |
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Thursday, December 24, 2015 |
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Researchers
| إيهاب حسين الصمداني | AL-SAMDANI, EHAB H | Researcher | Master | |
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